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Aquaculture of giant kelp
Giant kelp, ''Macrocystis pyrifera'', has been utilized for many years as a food source;〔Abbott 1996〕〔Gutierrez ''et al.'' 2006〕 it contains many compounds such as iodine, potassium, other minerals vitamins and carbohydrates and thus has also been used as a dietary supplement.〔Bushing 2000〕〔Connor 1989, p. 58〕 In the beginning of the 20th century California kelp beds were harvested as a source for potash.〔Abbott 1996〕〔Neushul 1987〕〔Druehl ''et al.'' 1988〕 With commercial interest increasing significantly during the 1970s and the 1980s this was primarily due to the production of alginates, and also for biomass production for animal feed due to the energy crisis during that period.〔Neushul 1987〕〔Druehl ''et al.'' 1988〕〔Gerard 1987〕 However commercial production for ''M.pyrifera'' never became a reality. With the end of the energy crisis and the decline in prices of alginates, the research into farming ''Macrocystis'' also declined.〔
==Present==
The demand for ''M.pyrifera'' is increasing due to the newfound uses of these plants such as fertilizers, cultivation for bioremediation purposes, abalone and sea urchin feed.〔〔Buschmann ''et al.'' 2006〕 There is current research going into utilizing ''M.pyrifera'' as feed for other aquaculture species such as shrimps.〔〔Cruz ''et al.'' 2009〕 The supply of ''M.pyrifera'' for alginate production relied heavily on restoration and management of natural beds during the early 1990s.〔〔 Other functions such as substrate stabilizing ability of this species was also recognized in California, called the “Kelp bed project” where the adult plants of 3-6m in length were transplanted to increase the stability of the harbor and promote diversity; this was done in efforts to restore the natural environment after extensive harvesting.〔〔Simenstad ''et al.''1978〕
With the global demand for aquatic plants increasing there have been great advances with the technology and methods of cultivating them. China and Chile have taken it on a broader scale; these two countries are currently the largest producers of aquatic plants each producing over 300,000 tones each in 2007.〔FAO 2007〕 Data on how much of this total can be attributed to actual ''M.pyrifera'' harvesting is sketchy because as opposed to animals where the details on individual species harvested is kept on record, aquatic plants however are usually lumped in to a single category.〔FAO 2007〕 Both these countries culture a variety of species, in Chile 50% of the production involves several species of Phaeophytes and the other 50% results from harvesting Rhodophytes.〔Buschmann ''et al.'' 2005〕 China produces a larger variety of seaweeds which also includes chlorophytes.〔Chaoyuan and Guangheng 1987〕 There are also experiments undergoing in Chile to produce hybrids between this species and ''M.integrifolia'' in efforts to produce a super cultivar.〔Westermeier ''et al.'' 2007〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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